S11 接口：从协议到抽象基类
# random.shuffle 就地打乱
from random import shuffle
l = list(range(10))
shuffle(l)
print(l)
shuffle(l)
print(l)
[0, 6, 3, 2, 4, 8, 5, 7, 1, 9]
[0, 5, 9, 7, 6, 2, 4, 8, 1, 3]
猴子补丁
import collections
Card = collections.namedtuple('Card', 'rank suit')
class FrenchDeck:
ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2, 11)] + list('JQKA')
suits = 'spades diamondes clubs hearts'.split()
def __init__(self):
self._cards = [Card(rank, suit) for suit in self.suits
for rank in self.ranks]
def __len__(self):
return len(self._cards)
def __getitem__(self, position):
return self._cards[position]
# target: 洗牌
deck = FrenchDeck()
shuffle(deck)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [4], line 3
1 # target: 洗牌
2 deck = FrenchDeck()
----> 3 shuffle(deck)
File c:\Users\qiany\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\random.py:362, in Random.shuffle(self, x, random)
359 for i in reversed(range(1, len(x))):
360 # pick an element in x[:i+1] with which to exchange x[i]
361 j = randbelow(i + 1)
--> 362 x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i]
363 else:
364 _warn('The *random* parameter to shuffle() has been deprecated\n'
365 'since Python 3.9 and will be removed in a subsequent '
366 'version.',
367 DeprecationWarning, 2)
TypeError: 'FrenchDeck' object does not support item assignment
# 打补丁
def set_card(deck, position, card):
deck._cards[position] = card
FrenchDeck.__setitem__ = set_card
shuffle(deck)
print(deck[:5])
[Card(rank='9', suit='spades'), Card(rank='2', suit='spades'), Card(rank='5', suit='spades'), Card(rank='Q', suit='clubs'), Card(rank='10', suit='hearts')]
定义抽象基类的子类
import collections
Card = collections.namedtuple('Card', 'rank suit')
class FrenchDeck2(collections.MutableSequence):
ranks = [str(n) for n in range(2, 11)] + list('JQKA')
suits = 'spades diamondes clubs hearts'.split()
def __init__(self):
self._cards = [Card(rank, suit) for suit in self.suits
for rank in self.ranks]
def __len__(self):
return len(self._cards)
def __getitem__(self, position):
return self._cards[position]
def __setitem__(self, position, value): # 欲实现 shuffle 须实现 __setitem__
self._cards[position] = value
def __delitem__(self, position):
del self._cards[position]
def insert(self, position, value):
self._cards.insert(position, value)
继承 MutableSequence 必须实现 __delitem__, insert
FrenchDeck2
- 从
Sequence继承了__contains__,__iter__,__reversed__,index,count - 从
MutableSequence继承了append,extend,pop,remove,__iadd__
标准库中的抽象基类
collections.abs
第一层:
-
Iterable:Sequence,Mapping,Set,Iterator通过__iter__方法支持迭代 -
Container:Sequence,Mapping,Set通过__contains__方法支持in -
Sized:Sequence,Mapping,Set,MappingView通过__len__方法支持len() -
Callable: (None) -
Hashable: (None)
第二层:
-
Sequence:MutableSequence -
Mapping:MutableMapping -
Set:MutableSet,ItemsView,KeysView -
MappingView:ItemsView,KeysView,ValuesView
numbers
NumberComplexRealRationalIntergal
eg. 检查一个数是否为整数: isinstance(x, numbers.Integral)
isinstance(x, type)
- type 为
Intergal检查int,bool - type 为
Real检查int,bool,float,fractions.Fraction, Numpy中相关对象
检查对象是否可以被 调用, 可用 callable()
检查对象是否可以被 散列, 可用 isinstance(obj, Hashable)
import numbers
print(1, isinstance(233, numbers.Integral))
print(2, isinstance(233.33, numbers.Integral))
print(3, isinstance(233.00, numbers.Integral))
print(4, isinstance(True, numbers.Integral))
print(5, isinstance(False, numbers.Integral))
True
False
False
True
True
定义并使用一个抽象基类
Tombola:
-
抽象方法:
- load()
- pick()
-
具体方法:
- loaded()
- inspect()
import abc
class Tombola(abc.ABC):
@abc.abstractclassmethod # 一般 abstractclassmethod 只有 文档字符串
def load(self, iterable):
'''可从迭代对象中添加元素'''
@abc.abstractclassmethod
def pick(self):
'''随机删除元素并返回
若果实例为空, 抛出 LookupError'''
def loaded(self): # 抽象基类可以包含具体实现方法
'''是否有元素'''
return bool(self.inspect()) # 抽象基类中的具体方法 只能依赖基类定义的接口（即该抽象基类中其他具体方法、抽象方法、特征）
def inspect(self):
'''返回一个由当前元素构成的有序元组'''
items = []
while True:
try:
items.append(self.pick())
except LookupError:
break
self.load(items)
return tuple(sorted(items))
抽象方法可以有实现代码（不仅局限于文档字符串）
但即使实现了，子类 必须 覆盖抽象方法
或者用 super() 函数调用抽象方法
注: @abc.abstractmethod 和其他修饰器连用时, @abc.abstractmethod 应放在最内层
# 不符合 Tombola 的子类
class Fake(Tombola):
def pick(self):
return 13
f = Fake()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [13], line 6
3 def pick(self):
4 return 13
----> 6 f = Fake()
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Fake with abstract method load
# Tombola 的子类 BingoCage
import random
class BingoCage(Tombola):
def __init__(self, items):
self._randomizer = random.SystemRandom() # 调用 os.random() 函数, 生成"适合加密"的随机字节序列
self._items = []
self.load(items) # 委托 load 初始化
def load(self, items):
self._items.extend(items)
self._randomizer.shuffle(self._items) # 打乱
def pick(self):
try:
return self._items.pop()
except IndexError:
raise LookupError('pick from empty BingoCage')
def __call__(self):
self.pick()
class LotteryBlower(Tombola):
def __init__(self, iterable):
self._balls = list(iterable)
def load(self, iterable):
self._balls.extend(iterable)
def pick(self):
try:
position = random.randrange(len(self._balls))
except IndexError:
raise LookupError('pick from empty LotteryBlower')
return self._balls.pop(position)
def loaded(self): # 重写 loaded
return bool(self._balls)
def inspect(self):
return tuple(sorted(self._balls))
虚拟子类
注册虚拟子类 在抽象基类上调用 register 方法, 这样, issubclass 和 isinstance 都能识别
但 注册的类 不会从抽象基类中继承如何方法或属性
@Tombola.register # 注册为 Tombola 的 虚拟子类
class TomboList(list): # 继承 list
def pick(self):
if self: # 是否为空
position = random.randrange(len(self))
return self.pop(position)
else:
raise LookupError('pop from empty TomboList')
load = list.extend
def loaded(self):
return bool(self)
def inspect(self):
return tuple(sorted(self))
print(1, issubclass(TomboList, Tombola))
t = TomboList(range(100))
print(2, isinstance(t, Tombola))
print(3, TomboList.__mro__) # 按顺序列出类及其超类
1 True
2 True
3 (<class '__main__.TomboList'>, <class 'list'>, <class 'object'>)
__subclasses__ 返回类的直接子类列表, 不包含虚拟子类
_abc_registry 只有抽象基类有整个属性(一个WeakSet对象)