往期文章
希望了解更多的道友点这里
0. 分享【脑机接口 + 人工智能】的学习之路
1.1 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【1.前置准备-静息态篇】
1.2 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【1.前置准备-任务态篇】
2.1 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【2.预处理-静息态篇】
2.2 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【2.预处理-任务态篇】
3.1 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【3.可视化分析-静息态篇】
3.2 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【3.可视化分析-任务态篇】
4.1 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【4.特征提取-时域篇】
4.2 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【4.特征提取-频域篇】
4.3 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【4.特征提取-时频域篇】
4.4 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【4.特征提取-空域篇】
5 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【5.特征选择】
6.1 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【6.分类模型-机器学习篇】
6.2 . 脑电EEG代码开源分享 【6.分类模型-深度学习篇】
汇总. 专栏:脑电EEG代码开源分享【文档+代码+经验】
0 . 【深度学习】常用网络总结
脑电EEG代码开源分享 【4.特征提取-时域篇】
- 往期文章
- 一、前言
- 二、特征提取 框架介绍
- 三、代码格式说明
- 三、脑电特征提取 代码
-
- 3.0 参数设置
- 3.1 标准输入赋值
- 3.2 时域-特征提取
-
- 3.2.1 过零率 特征
- 3.2.2 标准差 特征
- 3.2.3 近似熵 特征(计算时间较长)
- 3.2.4 样本熵 特征(计算时间较长)
- 3.2.5 AR 特征
- 四、时域 特征提取 - 主体函数代码
- 总结
- To:新想法、鬼点子的道友:
一、前言
本文档旨在归纳BCI-EEG-matlab的数据处理代码,作为EEG数据处理的总结,方便快速搭建处理框架的Baseline,实现自动化、模块插拔化、快速化。本文以任务态(锁时刺激,如快速序列视觉呈现)为例,分享脑电EEG的分析处理方法。
脑电数据分析系列。分为以下6个模块:
- 前置准备
- 数据预处理
- 数据可视化
- 特征提取(特征候选集)
- 特征选择(量化特征择优)
- 分类模型
本文内容:【4. 特征提取-频域篇】
提示:以下为各功能代码详细介绍,若节约阅读时间,请下滑至文末的整合代码
二、特征提取 框架介绍
特征提取作为承上启下的重要阶段,是本系列中篇幅最长的部分。承上,紧接预处理结果和可视化分析,对庞大的原始数据进行凝练,用少量维度指标表征整体数据特点;启下,这些代表性、凝练性的特征指标量化了数据性能,为后续的认知解码、状态监测、神经调控等现实需求提供参考。
特征提取的常用特征域为时域、频域、时频域、空域等。本文特征主要为手动设置的经验特征,大多源于脑科学及认知科学的机制结论,提取的特征具有可解释的解剖、认知、物理含义;也有部分是工程人员的实践发现,在模型性能提升中效果显著。
特征提取的代码框图、流程如下所示:
时域-特征提取的主要功能,分为以下2部分:
- 统计特征:过零率、标准差、能量、差分、AR等
- 熵类特征:近似熵、样本熵、李雅普诺夫指数、混合熵等
统计特征是脑电数据最初的刻画方式,前人认为脑电信号属于信号分析的一种,便引入常用的统计学指标来刻画。统计学指标大家比较熟悉,需要对一定时间窗内的数据统计分析,因此对于长时间的脑电信号更友好。统计学指标大多具有现实含义,如过零率代表信号沿零值翻转频率,标准差表示数据偏离均值程度,差分特征表示离散点间的变化速率等。
近期文献中越来越多使用高阶数特征,例如高阶中心距、高阶远点距等,文献中解释说高阶特征包含丰富脑电信息。本人也应用过高阶特征在分类任务中,确实会提升分类性能,但是存在比较严重的过拟合问题,由于高阶特征的高幂特性导致数值指数级增长 or 降低,无论是否后续归一化都会影响特征分布,建议在开集测试分类中慎用。并且其对应的认知含义还不清,仍期待更多的研究进展。
时域-统计学特征:
时域-熵类特征:
熵类特征在近期成为脑电处理的热门话题,文献中声明的熵类特征均有不错性能,例如近似熵、样本熵、李雅普诺夫指数、混合熵等,本人在研究中也发现部分熵类确实提高准确率,推荐大家尝试。
熵类特征的主要思想在于其非线性,通过e或者log计算获得非线性表现。个人根据e或者log曲线认为,熵类特征通过 拉伸 或 压缩 原特征数值,对原特征产生畸变效果,主要决定因素还是原特征的取值范围。熵类特征依靠经验较难,更推荐大家广撒网的尝试,还要注意是否特征进行归一化和标准化。熵类特征也存在短板,例如计算时间明显长于线形特征,并且熵类特征具体含义细节也需要进一步研究。
三、代码格式说明
本文非锁时任务态(下文以静息态代替)范例为:ADHD患者、正常人群在静息状态下的脑模式分类
- 代码名称:代码命名为Festure_ candidate_xxx (time / freq/ imf/ space)
- 参数设置:预处理结果\采样率\时域是否非线性熵特征(耗时)\频域均分分辨度\imf阶数\space对比通道数及频带范围。
- 输入格式:输入格式承接规范预处理最后一项输出,Proprocess_xxx(预处理最终步骤)_target/nontarget。
- 输出及保存格式:输出格式为试次数*特征个数,按照除空域特征外,按照通道的特征拼接,先为1通道内的所有特征,接着2通道的所有特征。保存文件名称为Festure_candidate_xxx(特征域名称)_target/nontarget。
三、脑电特征提取 代码
提示:代码环境为 matlab 2018
3.0 参数设置
可视化内容可以选择,把希望可视化特征域写在Featute_content 中
- 一次进行10人次的批处理,subject_num = [1;10]
- 特征提取内容: Featute_content = [‘time’,‘freq’,‘time_freq’,‘space’]; 时域、频域、时频域、空域均分析
- 时域特征内容:过零率,标准差、近似熵,样本熵,AR。Featute_time_content = [‘cross_zero’,‘std’,‘apen’,‘sampentropy’,‘ar’];
%% 0.特征候选集-参数设置
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
data_path = 'C:\Users\EEG\Desktop\basetest_flod\save_fold\';
svae_path = 'C:\Users\EEG\Desktop\basetest_flod\save_fold\';
subject_num = [1;10];
% Featute_content = ['time\','freq\','time_freq\','space'];
Featute_content = ['time\','freq\','time_freq\'];
% Featute_time_content = ['cross_zero\','std\','apen\','sampentropy\','ar\'];
Featute_time_content = ['cross_zero\','std\','ar\'];
disp(['||特征候选集-参数设置||']);
disp(['特征域内容: ' , Featute_content]);
disp(['时域-候选集: ' , Featute_time_content]);
3.1 标准输入赋值
导入上一步预处理阶段处理后的数据:
%% 1.标准输入赋值
Proprocess_target_file = load([data_path ,'Proprocess_target_',num2str(subject_num(1,1)),'_',num2str(subject_num(2,1))]);
Proprocess_nontarget_file = load([data_path ,'Proprocess_nontarget_',num2str(subject_num(1,1)),'_',num2str(subject_num(2,1))]);
stuct_target_name = 'Proprocess_target';
stuct_nontarget_name = 'Proprocess_nontarget';
Proprocess_target_data = Proprocess_target_file.(stuct_target_name).data;
Proprocess_nontarget_data = Proprocess_nontarget_file.(stuct_nontarget_name).data;
subject_num = Proprocess_target_file.(stuct_target_name).subject_num;
fs_down = Proprocess_target_file.(stuct_target_name).fs_down;
remain_trial_target = Proprocess_target_file.(stuct_target_name).remain_trial;
remain_trial_nontarget = Proprocess_nontarget_file.(stuct_nontarget_name).remain_trial;
disp(['目标试次剩余: ' , num2str(remain_trial_target),'||平均: ', num2str(mean(remain_trial_target))]);
disp(['非目标试次剩余: ' , num2str(remain_trial_nontarget),'||平均: ', num2str(mean(remain_trial_nontarget))]);
3.2 时域-特征提取
主函数中 调用时域提取函数
主体调用函数Festure_candidate_time
%% 2.时域特征候选集
if contains(Featute_content,'time')
disp(['时域特征计算中...']);
tic;
[Festure_time_target,Festure_time_candidate_num_target]= Festure_candidate_time(Proprocess_target_data,Featute_time_content,remain_trial_target);
[Festure_time_nontarget,Festure_time_candidate_num_nontarget]= Festure_candidate_time(Proprocess_nontarget_data,Featute_time_content,remain_trial_nontarget);
t_time_candidate_cost = toc;
Festure_candidate_time_target = [];
Festure_candidate_time_target.data = Festure_time_target;
Festure_candidate_time_target.Featute_time_content = Featute_time_content;
Festure_candidate_time_target.remain_trial_target = remain_trial_target;
Festure_candidate_time_target.Festure_time_candidate_num_target = Festure_time_candidate_num_target;
Festure_candidate_time_target.fs_down = fs_down;
Festure_candidate_time_nontarget = [];
Festure_candidate_time_nontarget.data = Festure_time_nontarget;
Festure_candidate_time_nontarget.Featute_time_content = Featute_time_content;
Festure_candidate_time_nontarget.remain_trial_nontarget = remain_trial_nontarget;
Festure_candidate_time_nontarget.Festure_time_candidate_num_nontarget = Festure_time_candidate_num_nontarget;
Festure_candidate_time_nontarget.fs_down = fs_down;
disp(['时域特征计算完毕,耗时: ',num2str(t_time_candidate_cost)]);
disp(['时域特征保存中...']);
save([ svae_path , 'Festure_candidate_time_target_',num2str(subject_num(1,1)),'_',num2str(subject_num(2,1))],'Festure_candidate_time_target');
save([ svae_path , 'Festure_candidate_time_nontarget_',num2str(subject_num(1,1)),'_',num2str(subject_num(2,1))],'Festure_candidate_time_nontarget');
disp(['时域特征保存完毕']);
end
3.2.1 过零率 特征
function [Festure_time,Festure_time_candidate_num]= Festure_candidate_time(Standard_input_data,Featute_time_content,remain_trial)
%% 1.cross_zero
cross_zero = [];
if contains(Featute_time_content,'cross_zero')
cross_zero = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
count_trial = 1;
for sub_loop = 1:size(remain_trial,2)
for trial_loop = 1:remain_trial(1,sub_loop)
cross_zero_channel_temp = zeros(1,size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
for channel_loop = 1:size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1)
for point_loop = 1:size(Standard_input_data{1,1},2)-1
if Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,point_loop) * Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,point_loop+1)<0
cross_zero_channel_temp(1,channel_loop) = cross_zero_channel_temp(1,channel_loop) + 1;
end
end
end
cross_zero(count_trial,:) = cross_zero_channel_temp;
count_trial = count_trial+1;
end
end
end
3.2.2 标准差 特征
%% 2.std
fest_std = [];
if contains(Featute_time_content,'std')
fest_std = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
count_trial = 1;
for sub_loop = 1:size(remain_trial,2)
for trial_loop = 1:remain_trial(1,sub_loop)
std_temp = [];
std_temp = std(Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}');
fest_std(count_trial,:) = std_temp;
count_trial = count_trial+1;
end
end
end
3.2.3 近似熵 特征(计算时间较长)
%% 3.近似熵
fest_apen = [];
if contains(Featute_time_content,'apen')
r_apen = 0.2*fest_std';
fest_apen_2 = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
fest_apen_3 = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
count_trial = 1;
for sub_loop = 1:size(remain_trial,2)
for trial_loop = 1:remain_trial(1,sub_loop)
for channel_loop = 1:size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1)
fest_apen_2(count_trial,channel_loop) = ApEn( 2, r_apen(1,count_trial), Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,:), 1 );
fest_apen_3(count_trial,channel_loop) = ApEn( 3, r_apen(1,count_trial), Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,:), 1 );
end
count_trial = count_trial+1;
end
end
fest_apen = [fest_apen_2 fest_apen_3];
end
近似熵函数:
function apen = ApEn( dim, r, data, tau )
%ApEn
% dim : embedded dimension
% r : tolerance (typically 0.2 * std)
% data : time-series data
% tau : delay time for downsampling
% Changes in version 1
% Ver 0 had a minor error in the final step of calculating ApEn
% because it took logarithm after summation of phi's.
% In Ver 1, I restored the definition according to original paper's
% definition, to be consistent with most of the work in the
% literature. Note that this definition won't work for Sample
% Entropy which doesn't count self-matching case, because the count
% can be zero and logarithm can fail.
%
% A new parameter tau is added in the input argument list, so the users
% can apply ApEn on downsampled data by skipping by tau.
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
% coded by Kijoon Lee, kjlee@ntu.edu.sg
% Ver 0 : Aug 4th, 2011
% Ver 1 : Mar 21st, 2012
%---------------------------------------------------------------------
if nargin < 4, tau = 1; end
if tau > 1, data = downsample(data, tau); end
N = length(data);
result = zeros(1,2);
for j = 1:2
m = dim+j-1;
phi = zeros(1,N-m+1);
dataMat = zeros(m,N-m+1);
% setting up data matrix
for i = 1:m
dataMat(i,:) = data(i:N-m+i);
end
% counting similar patterns using distance calculation
for i = 1:N-m+1
tempMat = abs(dataMat - repmat(dataMat(:,i),1,N-m+1));
boolMat = any( (tempMat > r),1);
phi(i) = sum(~boolMat)/(N-m+1);
end
% summing over the counts
result(j) = sum(log(phi))/(N-m+1);
end
apen = result(1)-result(2);
end
3.2.4 样本熵 特征(计算时间较长)
%% 4.样本熵
fest_sampentropy = [];
if contains(Featute_time_content,'sampentropy')
r_sampentropy = 0.2*fest_std';
fest_sampentropy_2 = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
fest_sampentropy_3 = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
count_trial = 1;
for sub_loop = 1:size(remain_trial,2)
for trial_loop = 1:remain_trial(1,sub_loop)
for channel_loop = 1:size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1)
fest_sampentropy_2(count_trial,channel_loop) = SampEntropy( 2, r_sampentropy(1,count_trial), Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,:), 1 );
fest_sampentropy_3(count_trial,channel_loop) = SampEntropy( 3, r_sampentropy(1,count_trial), Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,:), 1 );
end
count_trial = count_trial+1;
end
end
fest_sampentropy = [fest_sampentropy_2 fest_sampentropy_3];
end
样本熵函数:
function saen = SampEntropy( dim, r, data, tau )
% SAMPEN Sample Entropy
% calculates the sample entropy of a given time series data
% SampEn is conceptually similar to approximate entropy (ApEn), but has
% following differences:
% 1) SampEn does not count self-matching. The possible trouble of
% having log(0) is avoided by taking logarithm at the latest step.
% 2) SampEn does not depend on the datasize as much as ApEn does. The
% comparison is shown in the graph that is uploaded.
% dim : embedded dimension
% r : tolerance (typically 0.2 * std)
% data : time-series data
% tau : delay time for downsampling (user can omit this, in which case
% the default value is 1)
%
if nargin < 4, tau = 1; end
if tau > 1, data = downsample(data, tau); end
N = length(data);
result = zeros(1,2);
for m = dim:dim+1
Bi = zeros(1,N-m+1);
dataMat = zeros(m,N-m+1);
% setting up data matrix
for i = 1:m
dataMat(i,:) = data(i:N-m+i);
end
% counting similar patterns using distance calculation
for j = 1:N-m+1
% calculate Chebyshev distance, excluding self-matching case
dist = max(abs(dataMat - repmat(dataMat(:,j),1,N-m+1)));
% calculate Heaviside function of the distance
% User can change it to any other function
% for modified sample entropy (mSampEn) calculation
D = (dist <= r);
% excluding self-matching case
Bi(j) = (sum(D)-1)/(N-m);
end
% summing over the counts
result(m-dim+1) = sum(Bi)/(N-m+1);
end
saen = -log(result(2)/result(1));
end
3.2.5 AR 特征
%% 5.AR
fest_ar = [];
if contains(Featute_time_content,'ar')
ar_order = 8;
fest_ar = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1)*ar_order);
count_trial = 1;
for sub_loop = 1:size(remain_trial,2)
for trial_loop = 1:remain_trial(1,sub_loop)
ar_temp = [];
ar_temp = aryule(Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}',ar_order);
ar_temp = ar_temp(:,2:ar_order+1);
fest_ar(count_trial,:) = reshape(ar_temp',1,size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1)*ar_order);
count_trial = count_trial+1;
end
end
end
四、时域 特征提取 - 主体函数代码
时域特征主体函数 Festure_candidate_time :
function [Festure_time,Festure_time_candidate_num]= Festure_candidate_time(Standard_input_data,Featute_time_content,remain_trial)
Festure_time = [];
%% 1.cross_zero
cross_zero = [];
if contains(Featute_time_content,'cross_zero')
cross_zero = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
count_trial = 1;
for sub_loop = 1:size(remain_trial,2)
for trial_loop = 1:remain_trial(1,sub_loop)
cross_zero_channel_temp = zeros(1,size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
for channel_loop = 1:size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1)
for point_loop = 1:size(Standard_input_data{1,1},2)-1
if Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,point_loop) * Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,point_loop+1)<0
cross_zero_channel_temp(1,channel_loop) = cross_zero_channel_temp(1,channel_loop) + 1;
end
end
end
cross_zero(count_trial,:) = cross_zero_channel_temp;
count_trial = count_trial+1;
end
end
end
%% 2.std
fest_std = [];
if contains(Featute_time_content,'std')
fest_std = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
count_trial = 1;
for sub_loop = 1:size(remain_trial,2)
for trial_loop = 1:remain_trial(1,sub_loop)
std_temp = [];
std_temp = std(Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}');
fest_std(count_trial,:) = std_temp;
count_trial = count_trial+1;
end
end
end
%% 3.近似熵
fest_apen = [];
if contains(Featute_time_content,'apen')
r_apen = 0.2*fest_std';
fest_apen_2 = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
fest_apen_3 = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
count_trial = 1;
for sub_loop = 1:size(remain_trial,2)
for trial_loop = 1:remain_trial(1,sub_loop)
for channel_loop = 1:size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1)
fest_apen_2(count_trial,channel_loop) = ApEn( 2, r_apen(1,count_trial), Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,:), 1 );
fest_apen_3(count_trial,channel_loop) = ApEn( 3, r_apen(1,count_trial), Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,:), 1 );
end
count_trial = count_trial+1;
end
end
fest_apen = [fest_apen_2 fest_apen_3];
end
%% 4.样本熵
fest_sampentropy = [];
if contains(Featute_time_content,'sampentropy')
r_sampentropy = 0.2*fest_std';
fest_sampentropy_2 = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
fest_sampentropy_3 = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1));
count_trial = 1;
for sub_loop = 1:size(remain_trial,2)
for trial_loop = 1:remain_trial(1,sub_loop)
for channel_loop = 1:size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1)
fest_sampentropy_2(count_trial,channel_loop) = SampEntropy( 2, r_sampentropy(1,count_trial), Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,:), 1 );
fest_sampentropy_3(count_trial,channel_loop) = SampEntropy( 3, r_sampentropy(1,count_trial), Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}(channel_loop,:), 1 );
end
count_trial = count_trial+1;
end
end
fest_sampentropy = [fest_sampentropy_2 fest_sampentropy_3];
end
%% 5.AR
fest_ar = [];
if contains(Featute_time_content,'ar')
ar_order = 8;
fest_ar = zeros(sum(remain_trial),size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1)*ar_order);
count_trial = 1;
for sub_loop = 1:size(remain_trial,2)
for trial_loop = 1:remain_trial(1,sub_loop)
ar_temp = [];
ar_temp = aryule(Standard_input_data{trial_loop,sub_loop}',ar_order);
ar_temp = ar_temp(:,2:ar_order+1);
fest_ar(count_trial,:) = reshape(ar_temp',1,size(Standard_input_data{1,1},1)*ar_order);
count_trial = count_trial+1;
end
end
end
%% 时域特征合并
Festure_time = [cross_zero fest_std fest_apen fest_sampentropy fest_ar];
Festure_time_candidate_num = [size(cross_zero,2) size(fest_std,2) size(fest_apen,2) size(fest_sampentropy,2) size(fest_ar,2)];
end
总结
脑电在时间分辨率的优势,注定其在时域有丰富的潜在特征。
脑电时域特征也从有严谨推导的统计特征,逐步扩展至实用有效地熵类特征。
推荐大家广泛学习时序信号处理的方法,可以移植和创新大量的新算法。
脑电信号作为信号处理的一种,例如阵列信号处理的经典算法都有应用基础。
同时,对经典特征的融合、组合也是发掘更优混合特征的常用方式。
大家可以探索和发掘是用自己研究的优质特征策略。
目前多样性的特征还在不断发展、丰富,新的特征提取方法逐渐多元化。
进阶特征如脑网络、拓扑图等,基于人工智能的端到端特征提取方法,会在新的专栏中介绍。
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