Reference Core Java Volume Ⅱ 10th Edition

1 对称加密

“Java密码扩展”包含了一个Cipher,它是所有密码算法的超类。通过getInstance(algorithmName)可以获得一个密码对象。

cipher.init(mode, key);模式有以下四种:
Cipher.ENCRYPT;
Cipher.DECRYPT;
Cipher.WRAP_MODE和Cipher.UNWRAP_MODE会用一个秘钥对另一个秘钥进行加密

// 可以一直调用cipher.update(),进行加密
int blockSize = cipher.getBlockSize();
byte[] inBytes = new byte[blockSize];
... // read inBytes
int outputSize = cipher.getOutputSize(blockSize);
byte[] outBytes = new byte[outputSize];
int outLength = cipher.update(inBytes, 0, outputSize, outBytes);
... // write outBytes
//完成上述操作后,最后必须调用doFinal返回加密后的数据
//如果最后一个输入数据块小于blockSize:
outBytes = cipher.doFinal(inBytes, 0, inLength);
//如果所有数据都已加密:
outBytes = cipher.doFinal();
//如果输入数组长度不够blockSize,update方法返回的数组为空,长度为0

doFinal调用时必要的,因为它会对最后的数据块进行填充,常用填充方案是RSA Security公司在公共秘钥密码标准#5(Public Key Cryptography Standard, PKCS)中描述的方案
该方案最后一个数据块不是全用0填充,而是等于填充字节数量的值最为填充值

2 秘钥生成

我们需要确保秘钥生成时随机的。这需要遵循下面的步骤:

1). 为加密算法获取KeyGenerator
2). 用随机源来初始化秘钥发生器。如果密码长度是可变的,还需要指定期望的密码块长度
3). 调用generateKey方法
例如:

KeyGenerator keygen = KeyGenerator.getInstance("AES");
SecureRandom random = new SecureRandom();
keygen.init(random);
SecretKey key = keygen.generateKey();

或者可以从一组固定的原生数据(也许是口令或者随机键产生的)中生成一个密钥,这时可以使用SecretKeyFactory
byte[] keyData = ...; // 16 byte for AES
SecretKey key = new SecretKeySpec(keyData, "AES");

如果要生成密钥,必须使用“真正的随机”数。例如,在常见的Random中的常规的随即发生器。是根据当前的日期和时间来产生的,因此它不够随机。假设计算机时钟可以精确到1/10秒,那么每天最多存在864000个种子。如果攻击者知道密钥的日期(通常可以由消息日期或证书有效日期推算出来),那么就可以很容易的产生那一天的所有可能的种子。
SecureRandom类产生的随机数,远比由Random类产生的那些随机数字安全得多。也可以由我们提供种子。由setSeed(byre[] b)方法传递给它。
如果没有随机数发生器提供种子,那么它将通过启动线程,是他们睡眠,然后测量他们被唤醒的准确时间,一次来计算自己的20个字节的种子

!注意: 这个算法仍然被人为是安全的。而且,在过去,依靠对诸如硬盘访问之间的类的其他计算机组件进行计时的算法, 后来也被证明不也是完全随机的。

3 密码流

密码流能够透明地调用update和doFinal方法,所以非常方便,源码也很简单。

API javax.crypto.CipherInputStream 1.4

API javax.crypto.CipherOutputStream 1.4

CipherInputStream.read读取完数据后,如果不够一个数据块,会自动调用doFinal方法填充后返回

CipherOutputStream.close方法如果发现,还有没写完的数据,会调用doFinal方法返回数据然后输出

4 工具类

import javax.crypto.*;
import javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
import java.io.*;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.security.*;
import java.security.spec.AlgorithmParameterSpec;
import java.util.Base64;
import java.util.Objects;
/**
 * 加解密字符串、文件工具类
 * @author YYang 13047
 * @version 2022/10/25 12:10
 */
public class AESUtils {
  public static final String AES = "AES";
  //PKCS: Public Key Cryptographic Standard
  public static final String AES_ECB = "AES/ECB/PKCS5Padding";
  public static final String AES_CBC = "AES/CBC/PKCS5Padding";
  public static final String AES_CFB = "AES/CFB/PKCS5Padding";
  public static final int KEY_SIZE = 128;
  public static final int BUFFER_SIZE = 512;
  public static String encodeToString(byte[] unEncoded) {
    return Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(unEncoded);
  }
  public static byte[] decode(String encoded) {
    return Base64.getDecoder().decode(encoded);
  }
  public static String generateAESKey() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
    return generateAESKey(KEY_SIZE, null);
  }
  /**
   * @param keySize keySize must be equal to 128, 192 or 256;
   * @param seed    随机数种子
   * @see #generateAESKey0()
   */
  public static String generateAESKey(int keySize, String seed) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
    KeyGenerator keyGen = KeyGenerator.getInstance(AES);
    SecureRandom random = (seed == null || seed.length() == 0) ?
            new SecureRandom() : new SecureRandom(seed.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
    //如果不初始化,SunJCE默认使用new SecureRandom()
    keyGen.init(keySize, random);
    SecretKey secretKey = keyGen.generateKey();
    return encodeToString(secretKey.getEncoded());
  }
  /**
   * @return 密钥,不初始化,使用默认的
   */
  public static String generateAESKey0() throws NoSuchAlgorithmException {
    return encodeToString(KeyGenerator.getInstance(AES).generateKey().getEncoded());
  }
  /**
   * @param algorithm 算法名
   * @return 返回一个当前算法BlockSize大小的随机数组,然后Base64转码
   * @see #generateAESIv()
   */
  public static String generateAESIv(String algorithm) throws NoSuchAlgorithmException, NoSuchPaddingException {
    Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(algorithm);
    int blockSize = cipher.getBlockSize();
    byte[] ivByte = new byte[blockSize];
    new SecureRandom().nextBytes(ivByte);
    return encodeToString(ivByte);
  }
  public static String generateAESIv() {
    //AES blockSize == 16
    byte[] bytes = new byte[16];
    new SecureRandom().nextBytes(bytes);
    return encodeToString(bytes);
  }
  public static AlgorithmParameterSpec getIv(String ivStr) {
    if (ivStr == null || ivStr.length() < 1) return null;
    return new IvParameterSpec(decode(ivStr));
  }
  /**
   * @return 指定秘钥和算法,返回Key对象
   */
  public static Key getKey(String keyStr, String algorithm) {
    return new SecretKeySpec(decode(keyStr), algorithm);
  }
  public static Cipher initCipher(String algorithm, int cipherMode, Key key, AlgorithmParameterSpec param)
          throws NoSuchPaddingException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, InvalidKeyException, InvalidAlgorithmParameterException {
    Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(algorithm);
    if (param == null) {
      cipher.init(cipherMode, key);
    } else {
      cipher.init(cipherMode, key, param);
    }
    return cipher;
  }
  public static String encrypt(String algorithm, String keyStr, String ivStr, String unencryptedStr) throws Exception {
    return encrypt(algorithm, keyStr, ivStr, unencryptedStr, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
  }
  public static String encrypt(String algorithm, String keyStr, String ivStr, String unencryptedStr, Charset charset) throws Exception {
    Cipher cipher = initCipher(algorithm, Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, getKey(keyStr, AES), getIv(ivStr));
    byte[] encrypted = cipher.doFinal(unencryptedStr.getBytes(charset));
    return encodeToString(encrypted);
  }
  public static String decrypt(String algorithm, String keyStr, String ivStr, String encryptedStr) throws Exception {
    return decrypt(algorithm, keyStr, ivStr, encryptedStr, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
  }
  public static String decrypt(String algorithm, String keyStr, String ivStr, String encryptedStr, Charset charset) throws Exception {
    Cipher cipher = initCipher(algorithm, Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, getKey(keyStr, AES), getIv(ivStr));
    byte[] decrypted = cipher.doFinal(decode(encryptedStr));
    return new String(decrypted, charset);
  }
  /**
   * 解密文件
   */
  public static void encryptFile(String algorithm, String keyStr, String ivStr, File source, File target) throws Exception {
    checkPath(source, target);
    Cipher cipher = initCipher(algorithm, Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, getKey(keyStr, AES), getIv(ivStr));
    try (FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(target);
         CipherInputStream cis = new CipherInputStream(new FileInputStream(source), cipher)) {
      byte[] buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
      int len;
      while ((len = cis.read(buffer)) != -1) {
        fos.write(buffer, 0, len);
      }
      fos.flush();
    }
  }
  /**
   * 加密文件
   */
  public static void decryptFile(String algorithm, String keyStr, String ivStr, File source, File target) throws Exception {
    checkPath(source, target);
    Cipher cipher = initCipher(algorithm, Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, getKey(keyStr, AES), getIv(ivStr));
    try (FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(source);
         CipherOutputStream cos = new CipherOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(target), cipher)) {
      byte[] buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE];
      int len;
      while ((len = fis.read(buffer)) != -1) {
        cos.write(buffer, 0, len);
      }
      cos.flush();
    }
  }
  public static void checkPath(File source, File target) throws IOException {
    Objects.requireNonNull(source);
    Objects.requireNonNull(target);
    if (source.isDirectory() || !source.exists()) {
      throw new FileNotFoundException(source.toString());
    }
    if (Objects.equals(source.getCanonicalPath(), target.getCanonicalPath())) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("sourceFile equals targetFile");
    }
    File parentDirectory = target.getParentFile();
    if (parentDirectory != null && !parentDirectory.exists()) {
      Files.createDirectories(parentDirectory.toPath());
    }
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    System.out.println(generateAESKey());
    System.out.println(generateAESIv(AES_ECB));
    String keyStr = "dN2VIV86Z2ShT47pEC1XwQ==";
    String ivStr = "00hDTDhCxa9t11TrQSso3w==";
    String encrypted = encrypt(AES_CBC, keyStr, ivStr, "中国深圳");
    System.out.println("encrypted:" + encrypted);
    System.out.println(decrypt(AES_CBC, keyStr, ivStr, encrypted));
    File source = new File("README.md");
    File encryptedFile = new File("out/README1.md");
    File decryptedFile = new File("out/README2.md");
    encryptFile(AES_CBC, keyStr, ivStr, source, encryptedFile);
    decryptFile(AES_CBC, keyStr, ivStr, encryptedFile, decryptedFile);
  }
}

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